Photoreactor composition, method of generating a reactive species, and applications therefor

ABSTRACT

A method of generating reactive species which includes exposing a photoreactor composition to radiation, in which the photoreactor composition comprises a wavelength-specific sensitizer associated with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators. Also described are methods of polymerizing unsaturated monomers and curing an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/537,593, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/463,188, filed Jun. 5, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,175, which is incorporated by reference, and is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/327,077, filed Oct. 21, 1994, now abandoned, which is incorporated by reference, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/268,685, filed Jun. 30, 1994, now abandoned, which is incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a composition and method for generating a reactive species. The present invention more particularly relates to a composition and method for generating reactive species which can be used to polymerize or photocure polymerizable unsaturated material. In particular, the present invention provides a photoreactor that absorbs radiation at a wavelength that is particularly suited to exposure to lamps that emit at substantially the same wavelength.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of generating a reactive species. The present invention also relates to radiation-initiated polymerization and curing processes. For convenience, much of the discussion which follows centers on free radicals as a particularly desirable reactive species. Such discussion, however, is not to be construed as limiting either the spirit or scope of the present invention.

Polymers long have served essential needs in society. For many years, these needs were filled by natural polymers. More recently, synthetic polymers have played an increasingly greater role, particularly since the beginning of the 20th century. Especially useful polymers are those prepared by an addition polymerization mechanism, i.e., free radical chain polymerization of unsaturated monomers, and include, by way of example only, coatings and adhesives. In fact, the majority of commercially significant processes is based on free-radical chemistry. That is, chain polymerization is initiated by a reactive species which often is a free radical. The source of the free radicals is termed an initiator or photoinitiator.

Improvements in free radical chain polymerization have focused both on the polymer being produced and the photoinitiator. Whether a particular unsaturated monomer can be converted to a polymer requires structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic feasibility. Even when all three exist, kinetic feasibility is achieved in many. cases only with a specific type of photoinitiator. Moreover, the photoinitiator can have a significant effect on reaction rate which, in turn, may determine the commercial success or failure of a particular polymerization process or product.

A free radical-generating photoinitiator may generate free radicals in several different ways. For example, the thermal, homolytic dissociation of an initiator typically directly yields two free radicals per initiator molecule. A photoinitiator, i.e., an initiator which absorbs light energy, may produce free radicals by either of two pathways:

(1) the photoinitiator undergoes excitation by energy absorption with subsequent decomposition into one or more radicals; or

(2) the photoinitiator undergoes excitation and the excited species interacts with a second compound (by either energy transfer or a redox reaction) to form free radicals from the latter and/or former compound(s).

While any free radical chain polymerization process should avoid the presence of species which may prematurely terminate the polymerization reaction, prior photoinitiators present special problems. For example, absorption of the light by the reaction medium may limit the amount of energy available for absorption by the photoinitiator. Also, the often competitive and complex kinetics involved may have an adverse effect on the reaction rate. Moreover, commercially available radiation sources, such as medium and high pressure mercury and xenon lamps, emit over a wide wavelength range, thus producing individual emission bands of relatively low intensity. Most photoinitiators only absorb over a small portion of the emission spectra and, as a consequence, most of the lamps' radiation remains unused. In addition, most known photoinitiators have only moderate quantum yields (generally less than 0.4) at these wavelengths, indicating that the conversion of light radiation to radical formation can be more efficient.

Thus, there are continuing opportunities for improvements in free radical polymerization photoinitiators.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses some of the difficulties and problems discussed above by the discovery of an efficient composition and method for utilizing radiation. Hence, the present invention includes a composition and method for generating a reactive species which includes providing a wavelength-specific sensitizer in association with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators and irradiating the wavelength-specific sensitizer. One of the main advantages of the photoinitiators of the present invention is that they can be used to efficiently generate reactive species under extremely low energy lamps as compared to prior art lamps.

The association of a wavelength-specific sensitizer with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators results in a structure referred to herein for convenience as a photoreactor composition. Where the photoreactor composition contains one reactive species-generating photoinitiator, the photoreactor composition will be referred to as a single-photoinitiator photoreactor. Where the photoreactor composition contains more than one reactive species-generating photoinitiator, the photoreactor composition will be referred to as a multi-photoinitiator photoreactor.

One major advantage of the arylketoalkene wavelength-specific sensitizers of the present invention is that they efficiently absorb radiation at wavelengths between approximately 250 nm and 350 nm. Another major advantage of the photoreactor compositions of the present invention is that they have rapid curing times in comparison to the curing times of the prior art with relatively low output lamps. Yet another advantage of the of the present invention is that the multi-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention have even faster curing times in comparison to the single-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention.

The photoreactor compositions of the present invention also differ from the prior art in that the prior art sensitizers absorb a band width of radiation, whereas the sensitizer of the present invention absorbs a substantially single wavelength. The use of a photoreactor composition capable of absorbing a substantially single wavelength of radiation results in an extremely efficient photoreactor upon exposure to a very narrow bandwidth of radiation or upon exposure to a single wavelength of radiation.

The present method involves effectively tuning the energy-absorbing entity, referred to herein as a photoreactor composition, to efficiently utilize an emitted band of radiation. The wavelength-specific sensitizer effectively absorbs photons and efficiently transfers the absorbed energy to a photoinitiator which, in turn, generates a reactive species. The wavelength-specific sensitizer is adapted to have an absorption peak generally corresponding to a maximum emission band of the radiation source.

As a result of the arylketoalkene wavelength-specific sensitizer of the present invention absorbing radiation in the range of about 250 to 350 nanometers, the photoreactor composition of the present invention will generate one or more reactive species upon exposure to sunlight. Accordingly, the photoreactor composition of the present invention provides a method for the generation of reactive species that does not require the presence of a particular light source.

The present invention also includes a method of polymerizing an unsaturated monomer by exposing the unsaturated monomer to radiation in the presence of the efficacious photoreactor composition described above. When an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture is employed in place of the unsaturated monomer, curing is accomplished.

The present invention further includes a film and a method for producing a film, by drawing an admixture of unsaturated polymerizable material and the photoreactor composition of the present invention, into a film and irradiating the film with an amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the composition. When the unsaturated polymerizable material is an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture, curing is accomplished. The admixture may be drawn into a film on a nonwoven web or on a fiber, thereby providing a polymer-coated nonwoven web or fiber, and a method for producing the same.

The present invention also includes an adhesive composition comprising an unsaturated polymerizable material admixed with the photoreactor composition of the present invention. Similarly, the present invention includes a laminated structure comprising at least two layers bonded together with the above described adhesive composition, in which at least one layer is a cellulosic or polyolefin nonwoven web or film. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of laminating a structure wherein a structure having at least two layers with the above described adhesive composition between the layers is irradiated to polymerize the adhesive composition. When the unsaturated polymerizable material in the adhesive is an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture, the adhesive is irradiated to cure the composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the excimer lamp employed in some of the examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to the unexpected discovery of an efficient reactive species-generating composition and methods for utilizing the same. More particularly, the present invention includes a composition and method for generating a reactive species which includes providing a wavelength-specific sensitizer in association with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators and irradiating the wavelength-specific sensitizer. The association of a wavelength-specific sensitizer with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators results in a structure referred to herein for convenience as a photoreactor composition.

The present invention also comprehends a method of polymerizing an unsaturated polymerizable material by exposing the unsaturated material to radiation in the presence of the efficacious photoreactor composition described above. Further, the present invention includes a film and a method for producing a film, by drawing an admixture of unsaturated polymerizable material and the photoreactor composition of the present invention, into a film and irradiating the film with an amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the composition.

Also, the present invention includes an adhesive composition comprising an unsaturated polymerizable material admixed with the photoreactor composition of the present invention. Similarly, the present invention includes a laminated structure comprising at least two layers bonded together with the above described adhesive composition, in which at least one layer is a cellulosic or polyolefin nonwoven web or film. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of laminating a structure wherein a structure having at least two layers with the above described adhesive composition between the layers is irradiated to polymerize the adhesive composition.

The photoreactor composition of the present invention will be described in detail below, followed by a detailed description of the method of generating reactive species, and the various representative applications of the method.

The photoreactor composition of the present invention is the wavelength-specific sensitizer associated with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators. Accordingly, the term "photoreactor composition" is used herein to mean a wavelength-specific sensitizer associated with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators. In an embodiment where the sensitizer is admixed with the photoinitiator(s), the term "photoreactor composition" is used to mean the admixture. In the embodiment where the sensitizer is covalently bonded to the photoinitiator(s), the term "photoreactor composition" is used to mean the resultant molecule. The term "single-photoinitiator photoreactor" is used to mean a photoreactor composition having one reactive species-generating photoinitiator therein. The term "multi-photoinitiator photoreactor" is used to mean a photoreactor composition having more than one reactive species-generating photoinitiator. Therefore, it follows that the term "double-photoinitiator photoreactor" is used to mean a photoreactor composition having two reactive species-generating photoinitiators.

The term "associated" as used herein is meant to include any means which results in the wavelength-specific sensitizer and the reactive species-generating photoinitiator(s) being in sufficiently close proximity to each other to permit the transfer of energy absorbed by the sensitizer to the photoinitiator(s). For example, the wavelength-specific sensitizer and the reactive species-generating photoinitiator(s) may be bonded to each other or to a spacer molecular as described hereinafter by covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals, or ionic bonds. Alternatively, the sensitizer and the photoinitiator(s) may be physically admixed.

The term "wavelength-specific sensitizer" is used herein to mean that the sensitizer is adapted to have an absorption wavelength band generally corresponding to an emission peak of the radiation. Either or both of the sensitizer and the radiation may have more than one absorption wavelength band and emission peak, respectively. In the event both the sensitizer and the radiation have more than one absorption wavelength band and emission peak, respectively, the general correspondence just described need not be limited to a single absorption wavelength band and a single emission peak.

According to the present invention, a desirable "wavelength-specific sensitizer" is an arylketoalkene wavelength-specific sensitizer having the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or a heteroaryl group;

R₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or a heteroaryl group;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or a heteroaryl group; and

R₄ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.

A further desirable sensitizer produced by the process of dehydrating a tertiary alcohol that is alpha to a carbonyl group on a sensitizer is represented in the following general formula: ##STR2## wherein when R₁ is an aryl group, R₂ is a hydrogen; alkyl; aryl; heterocyclic; or phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or thiol group; and wherein when R₂ is an aryl group, R₁ is a hydrogen; alkyl; aryl; heterocyclic; or phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or thiol group. Preferably, the alkene group is in the trans configuration. The wavelength-specific sensitizer of the present invention contains an aryl group, a carbonyl group, and a double bond (alkene group), in any order, such that resonance of the unshared electrons occurs.

Desirably, the arylketoalkene sensitizer is a chalcone having the following formula ##STR3## which efficiently absorbs radiation having a wavelength at about 308 nanometers, or is benzylideneacetone (4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one) having the following formula ##STR4## which efficiently absorbs radiation having a wavelength at about 280 nanometers. Desirably, the sensitizer of the present invention is in the trans configuration with respect to the double bond. However, the sensitizer may also be in the cis configuration across the double bond.

Although the above sensitizers are desirable, any sensitizer known in the art capable of absorbing photons having a substantially specific wavelength and transferring the absorbed energy to an associated reactive-species generating photoinitiator may be used in the present photoreactor compositions. As a practical matter, two classes of compounds are known to be useful as wavelength-specific sensitizers, namely, phthalic acid derivatives and phenyl-substituted aliphatic ketones. A particularly useful example of each class is phthaloylglycine and 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one, respectively. Therefore, another desirable sensitizer is phthaloylglycine having the following formula: ##STR5##

As stated above, the wavelength-specific sensitizer of the present invention may optionally be covalently bonded to one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators. In that embodiment, the aryl group of a wavelength-specific sensitizer of the present invention can contain a group including, but not limited to, a carboxylic acid group, an aldehyde group, an amino group, a haloalkyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a thioalkyl group attached thereto to allow the arylketoalkene to be covalently bonded to the other molecule. Accordingly, a desired arylketoalkene stabilizing compound includes the following: ##STR6##

Although it is preferred that the group attached to the aryl group is para to the remainder of the stabilizer molecule, the group may also be ortho or meta to the remainder of the molecule. Note that the di-carboxylic acid substituted chalcone type compound shown above can be covalently bonded to two photoinitiators, one photoinitiator on each aryl group substituted with a carboxylic acid group, thereby producing a double-photoinitiator photoreactor.

In the embodiment where the sensitizer is phthaloylglycine, and two photoinitiators are covalently bonded thereto, the phenyl group will contain a group including, but not limited to, a carboxylic acid group, an aldehyde group, an amino group, a haloalkyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a thioalkyl group attached thereto to allow the phthaloylglycine to be covalently bonded to one photoinitiator. Of course, the carboxylic acid group in the phthaloylglycine provides the second location for covalently bonding to the second photoinitiator.

The term "reactive species" is used herein to mean any chemically reactive species including, but not limited to, free-radicals, cations, anions, nitrenes, and carbenes. Illustrated below are examples of several of such species. Examples of carbenes include, for example, methylene or carbene, dichlorocarbene, diphenylcarbene, alkylcarbonylcarbenes, siloxycarbenes, and dicarbenes. Examples of nitrenes include, also by way of example, nitrene, alkyl nitrenes, and aryl nitrenes. Cations (sometimes referred to as carbocations or carbonium ions) include, by way of illustration, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl carbocations, such as methyl cation, ethyl cation, propyl cation, t-butyl cation, t-pentyl cation, t-hexyl cation; allylic cations; benzylic cations; aryl cations, such as triphenyl cation; cyclopropylmethyl cations; methoxymethyl cation; triarylsulphonium cations; and acyl cations. Cations also include those formed from various metal salts, such as tetra-n-butylammonium tetrahaloaurate(III) salts; sodium tetrachloroaurate(lII); vanadium tetrachloride; and silver, copper(I) and (II), and thallium(I) triflates. Examples of anions (sometimes referred to as carbanions) include, by way of example, alkyl anions, such as ethyl anion, npropyl anion, isobutyl anion, and neopentyl anion; cycloalkyl anions, such as cyclopropyl anion, cyclobutyl anion, and cyclopentyl anion; allylic anions; benzylic anions; aryl cations; and sulfur- or phosphorus-containing alkyl anions. Finally, examples of organometallic photoinitiators include titanocenes, fluorinated diaryltitanocenes, iron arene complexes, manganese decacarbonyl, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Organometallic photoinitiators generally produce free radicals or cations.

Any reactive species-generating photoinitiator may be used which generates the desired reactive species. With regard to the free radical-generating photoinitiators, these photoinitiators may be any of the photoinitiators known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The largest group of photoinitiators are carbonyl compounds, such as ketones, especially α-aromatic ketones. Examples of α-aromatic ketone photoinitiators include, by way of illustration only, benzophenones; xanthones and thioxanthones; α-ketocoumarins; benzils; α-alkoxydeoxybenzoins; benzil ketals or α, α-dialkoxydeoxybenzoins; enzoyldialkylphosphonates; acetophenones, such as α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, α,α-dimethyl-α-hydroxyacetophenone, α, α-dimethyl-α-morpholino-4-methylthio-acetophenone, α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylaminoacetophenone, α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-4-morpholinoacetophenone, α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-3,4dimethoxyacetophenone,α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-4-methoxyacetophenone, α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-4-dimethylaminoacetophenone, α-ethyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-4-methylacetophenone, α-ethyl-α-(2-propenyl)-(α-dimethylamino-4-morpholinoacetophenone,α,α-bis(2-propenyl)-(α-dimethylamino-4-morpholinoacetophenone, α-methyl-α-benzyl-α-dimethylamino-4-morpholinoacetophenone, and α-methyl-α-(2-propenyl)-α-dimethylamino-4-morpholinoaceto-phenone; α,α-dialkoxyaceto-phenones; α-hydroxyalkylphenones; O-acyl α-oximino ketones; acylphosphine oxides; fluorenones, such as fluorenone, 2-t-butylperoxycarbonyl-9-fluorenone, 4-t-butylperoxyvarbonyl-nitro-9-fluorenone, and 2,7-di-t-butylperoxy-carbonyl-9-fluorenone; and α- and β-naphthyl carbonyl compounds. Other free radical generating photoinitiators include, by way of illustration, triarylsilyl peroxides, such as triarylsilyl t-butyl peroxides; acylsilanes; and some organometallic compounds. The free radical-generating initiator desirably will be an acetophenone. More desirably, the photoinitiator will be DAROCUR® 2959 (1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one or 2-hydroxy-4'- (2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone).

The types of reactions that various reactive species enter into include, but are not limited to, addition reactions, including polymerization reactions; abstraction reactions; rearrangement reactions; elimination reactions, including decarboxylation reactions; oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions; substitution reactions; and conjugation/deconjugation reactions.

In the embodiment where the wavelength-specific sensitizer is bound to one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators, any suitable method that is known in the art may be used to bond the sensitizer to the photoinitiator(s). The choice of such method will depend on the functional groups present in the sensitizer and photoinitiator(s) and is readily made by those having ordinary skill in the art. Such bonding may be accomplished by means of functional groups already present in the molecules to be bonded, by converting one or more functional groups to other functional groups, by attaching functional groups to the molecules, or through one or more spacer molecules.

Examples 1-3 herein describe methods of preparing the arylketoalkene sensitizer of the present invention, and covalently bonding it to a photoinitiator, namely DAROCUR® 2959. The reaction described in Example 3 may be used on any arylketoalkene sensitizer of the present invention having a carboxylic acid functional group on R₁ or R₂, whichever is the aryl group. This reaction of any arylketoalkene sensitizer is represented by the formula below, wherein R₃ represents the remainder of the arylketoalkene sensitizer of the present invention, and wherein the carboxylic acid group is attached to R₁ and/or R₂ : ##STR7##

In the embodiment where both R₁ and R₂ are phenyl groups, if a carboxylic acid group is attached to only one of the phenyl groups, a single-photoinitiator photoreactor is produced. In the embodiment where both R₁ and R₂ are phenyl groups, and a carboxylic acid group is attached to both phenyl groups, a double-photoinitiator photoreactor is produced.

Desirably, the photoreactor composition of the present invention is represented by the following formula: ##STR8## More desirably, the photoreactor composition of the present invention is represented by the following formulas: ##STR9##

Even more desirably, the photoreactor composition of the present invention is a double-photoinitiator photoreactor. Most desirably, the photoreactor composition of the present invention is represented by the following formula: ##STR10##

Example 6 herein describes a method of preparing a double carboxylic acid substituted chalcone and then the method of preparing the above double-photoinitiator photoreactor. The reaction for preparing the double-photoinitiator photoreactor described in Example 6 may be used on any sensitizer of the present invention having two carboxylic acid functional groups on each end of the sensitizer.

The method of preparing the double carboxylic acid substituted chalcone is illustrated as follows: ##STR11##

It is to be understood that any methods known to those of ordinary skill in the chemical arts may be used to prepare the above double carboxylic acid substituted chalcone, or any other double carboxylic acid substituted sensitizer. It is also to be understood that any methods known in the art may be used to prepare sensitizers that are substituted with one or more of the other functional groups listed above. It is further to be understood that the functional groups on a sensitizer may be the same or they may be different.

The method of preparing the double-photoinitiator photoreactor from the above double carboxylic acid substituted chalcone is illustrated as follows: ##STR12##

It is to be understood that the above illustrated double-photoinitiator photoreactor is specifically referred to as the "chalcone double-photoinitiator photoreactor", in contrast to other double-photoinitiators within the present invention as will be further discussed below.

As discussed above, sensitizers other than the arylketoalkene sensitizers above may be in the photoreactor compositions of the present invention. For example, the sensitizer phthaloylglycine may be covalently bonded to one or two photoinitiators as is illustrated below, wherein the top photoreactor composition is one DAROCUR® 2959 photoinitiator covalently bonded to phthaloylglycine and the bottom photoreactor composition is two DAROCUR® 2959 photoinitiators covalently bonded to phthaloylglycine. ##STR13##

It is to be understood that the above reactions are merely one method of binding a sensitizer of the present invention to one or more photoinitiators, and that other methods known in the art may be used.

The term "spacer molecule" is used herein to mean any molecule which aids in the bonding process. For example, a spacer molecule may assist in the bonding reaction by relieving steric hindrance. Alternatively, a spacer molecule may allow use of more reactive or more appropriate functional groups, depending upon the functional groups present in the sensitizer and photoinitiator. It is contemplated that a spacer molecule may aid in the transfer of energy from the sensitizer to the photoinitiator, by either allowing a more favorable conformation or providing a more favorable energy transfer pathway.

As noted earlier, the wavelength-specific sensitizer is adapted to have an absorption wavelength band generally corresponding to an emission peak of the radiation. In addition, the wavelength-specific sensitizer will have a high intensity of absorption. For example, the wavelength-specific sensitizer may have a molar extinction coefficient greater than about 5,000 liters per mole per cm (1 mole⁻¹ cm⁻¹) at an absorption maximum. As another example,. the wavelength-specific sensitizer may have a molar extinction coefficient (absorptivity) greater than about 10,000 1 mole⁻¹ cm⁻¹. As a further example, the wavelength-specific sensitizer will have a molar extinction coefficient greater than about 20,000 1 mole⁻¹ cm⁻¹

The absorption characteristics of the wavelength-specific sensitizer are not limited to a single wavelength band. Many compounds exhibit more than one absorption wavelength band. Consequently, a wavelength-specific sensitizer may be adapted to absorb two or more wavelength bands of radiation. Alternatively, two or more wavelength-specific sensitizers may be associated with a reactive species-generating photoinitiator. Such two or more wavelength-specific sensitizers may absorb the same wavelength band or they may absorb two or more different wavelength bands of radiation.

The method of the present invention involves generating a reactive species by exposing a photoreactor composition to radiation in which the photoreactor composition includes a wavelength-specific sensitizer associated with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators. In other words, the method involves providing a wavelength-specific sensitizer in association with one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiators and irradiating the wavelength-specific sensitizer.

The term "quantum yield" is used herein to indicate the efficiency of a photochemical process. More particularly quantum yield is a measure of the probability that a particular molecule will absorb a quantum of light during its interaction with a photon. The term expresses the number of photochemical events per photon absorbed. Thus, quantum yields may vary from zero (no absorption) to 1.

The sensitizer absorbs photons having a specific wavelength and transfers the absorbed energy to an associated photoinitiator which, in turn, generates a reactive species. However, the efficiency with which a reactive species is generated is significantly greater than that experienced with the reactive species-generating photoinitiator alone. For example, the photoreactor composition desirably will have a quantum yield greater than about 0.5. More desirably, the quantum yield of the photoreactor composition will be greater than about 0.6. Even more desirably, the quantum yield of the photoreactor composition will be greater than about 0.7. Still more desirably, the quantum yield of the photoreactor composition will be greater than about 0.8, with the most desirable quantum yield being greater than about 0.9.

The term "polymerization" is used herein to mean the combining, e.g. covalent bonding, of large numbers of smaller molecules, such as monomers, to form very large molecules, i.e., macromolecules or polymers. The monomers may be combined to form only linear macromolecules or they may be combined to form three-dimensional macromolecules, commonly referred to as crosslinked polymers.

As used herein, the term "curing" means the polymerization of functional oligomers and monomers, or even polymers, into a crosslinked polymer network. Thus, curing is the polymerization of unsaturated monomers or oligomers in the presence of crosslinking agents.

The terms "unsaturated monomer," "functional oligomer," and "crosslinking agent" are used herein with their usual meanings and are well understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. The singular form of each is intended to include both the singular and the plural, i.e., one or more of each respective material.

The term "unsaturated polymerizable material" is meant to include any unsaturated material capable of undergoing polymerization. The term encompasses unsaturated monomers, oligomers, and crosslinking agents. Again, the singular form of the term is intended to include both the singular and the plural.

Exposing the photoreactor composition to radiation results in the generation of a reactive species. Thus, the photoreactor composition may be employed in any situation where reactive species are required, such as for the polymerization of an unsaturated monomer and the curing of an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture. The unsaturated monomers and oligomers may be any of those known to one having ordinary skill in the art. In addition, the polymerization and curing media also may contain other materials as desired, such as pigments, extenders, amine synergists, and such other additives as are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

By way of illustration only, examples of unsaturated monomers and oligomers include ethylene: propylene: vinyl chloride: isobutylene: styrene: isoprene: acrylonitrile: acrylic acid: methacylic acid: ethyl acrylate: methyl methacrylate: vinyl acrylate: allyl methacrylate: tripropylene glycol diacrylate: trimethylol propane ethoxylate acrylate: epoxy acrylates, such as the reaction product of a bisphenol A epoxide with acrylic acid; polyester acrylates, such as the reaction product of acrylic acid with an adipic acid/hexanediol-based polyester: urethane acrylates, such as the reaction product of hydroxypropyl acrylate with diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate: and polybutadiene diacrylate oligomer.

Accordingly, the present invention also comprehends a method of polymerizing an unsaturated monomer by exposing the unsaturated monomer to radiation in the presence of the efficacious photoreactor composition described above. When an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture is employed in place of the unsaturated monomer, curing is accomplished. It is to be understood that the polymerizable material admixed with the photoreactor composition of the present invention is to be admixed by means known in the art, and that the mixture will be irradiated with an amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the material. The amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the material is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and depends upon the identity and amount of photoreactor composition, the identity and amount of the polymerizable material, the intensity and wavelength of the radiation, and the duration of exposure to the radiation.

The present invention further includes a film and a method for producing a film, by drawing an admixture of unsaturated polymerizable material and the photoreactor composition of the present invention, into a film and irradiating the film with an amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the composition. When the unsaturated polymerizable material is an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture, curing is accomplished. Any film thickness may be produced, as per the thickness of the admixture formed, so long as the admixture sufficiently polymerizes upon exposure to radiation. The admixture may be drawn into a film on a nonwoven web or on a fiber, thereby providing a polymer-coated nonwoven web or fiber, and a method for producing the same. Any method known in the art of drawing the admixture into a film may be used in the present invention. The amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the material is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and depends upon the identity and amount of photoreactor composition, the identity and amount of the polymerizable material, the thickness of the admixture, the intensity and wavelength of the radiation, and duration of exposure to the radiation.

The term "fiber" as used herein denotes a threadlike structure. The fibers used in the present invention may be any fibers known in the art. The term "nonwoven web" as used herein denotes a web-like matter comprised of one or more overlapping or interconnected fibers in a nonwoven manner. It is to be understood that any nonwoven fibers known in the art may be used in the present invention.

The present invention also includes an adhesive composition comprising an unsaturated polymerizable material admixed with the photoreactor composition of the present invention. Similarly, the present invention includes a laminated structure comprising at least two layers bonded together with the above described adhesive composition, in which at least one layer is a cellulosic or polyolefin nonwoven web or film. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of laminating a structure wherein a structure having at least two layers with the above described adhesive composition between the layers is irradiated to polymerize the adhesive composition. When the unsaturated polymerizable material in the adhesive is an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture, the adhesive is irradiated to cure the composition.

It is to be understood that any layers may be used in the present invention, on the condition that at least one of the layers allows sufficient radiation to penetrate through the layer to enable the admixture to polymerize sufficiently. Accordingly, any cellulosic or polyolefin nonwoven web or film known in the art may be used as one of the layers so long as they allow radiation to pass through. Again, the amount of radiation sufficient to polymerize the admixture is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and depends upon the identity and amount of photoreactor composition, the identity and amount of the polymerizable material, the thickness of the admixture, the identity and thickness of the layer, the intensity and wavelength of the radiation, and the duration of exposure to the radiation.

The radiation to which the photoreactor composition is exposed generally will have a wavelength of from about 4 to about 1,000 nanometers. Thus, the radiation may be ultraviolet radiation, including near ultraviolet and far or vacuum ultraviolet radiation; visible radiation; and near infrared radiation. Desirably, the radiation will have a wavelength of from about 100 to about 900 nanometers. More desirably, the radiation will have a wavelength of from about 100 to 700 nanometers.

Desirably, when the reactive species-generating photoinitiator is an organic compound, the radiation will be ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of from about 4 to about 400 nanometers. More desirably, the radiation will have a wavelength of from about 100 to about 375 nanometers, and even more desirably will have a wavelength of from 200 to about 370 nanometers. For example, the radiation may have a wavelength of from about 222 to about 308 nanometers. The radiation desirably will be incoherent, pulsed ultraviolet radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp.

Excimers are unstable excited-state molecular complexes which occur only under extreme conditions, such as those temporarily existing in special types of gas discharge. Typical examples are the molecular bonds between two rare gaseous atoms or between a rare gas atom and a halogen atom. Excimer complexes dissociate within less than a microsecond and, while they are dissociating, release their binding energy in the form of ultraviolet radiation. The dielectric barrier excimers in general emit in the range of from about 125 nm to about 500 nm, depending upon the excimer gas mixture.

Dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamps (also referred to hereinafter as "excimer lamp") are described, for example, by U. Kogelschatz, "Silent discharges for the generation of ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet excimer radiation." Pure & Appl. Chem., 62, No. 9, pp. 16671674 (1990); and E. Eliasson and U. Kogelschatz, "UV Excimer Radiation from Dielectric-Barrier Discharges." Appl. Phys. B. 46, pp. 299-303 (1988). Excimer lamps were developed by ABB Infocom Ltd., Lenzburg, Switzerland, and at the present time are available from Heraeus Noblelight GmbH, Kleinostheim, Germany.

The excimer lamp emits incoherent, pulsed ultraviolet radiation. Such radiation has a relatively narrow bandwidth, i.e., the half width is of the order of approximately 5 to 100 nanometers. Desirably, the radiation will have a half width of the order of approximately 5 to 50 nanometers, and more desirably will have a half width of the order of 5 to 25 nanometers. Most desirably, the half width will be of the order of approximately 5 to 15 nanometers.

The ultraviolet radiation emitted from an excimer lamp can be emitted in a plurality of wavelengths, wherein one or more of the wavelengths within the band are emitted at a maximum intensity. accordingly, a plot of the wavelengths in the band against the intensity for each wavelength in the band produces a bell curve. The "half width" of the range of ultraviolet radiation emitted by an excimer lamp is defined as the width of the bell curve at 50% of the maximum height of the bell curve.

The emitted radiation of an excimer lamp is incoherent and pulsed, the frequency of the pulses being dependent upon the frequency of the alternating current power supply which typically is in the range of from about 20 to about 300 kHz. An excimer lamp typically is identified or referred to by the wavelength at which the maximum intensity of the radiation occurs, which convention is followed throughout this specification and the claims. Thus, in comparison with most other commercially useful sources of ultraviolet radiation which typically emit over the entire ultraviolet spectrum and even into the visible region, excimer lamp radiation is essentially monochromatic.

As a result of the arylketoalkene wavelength-specific sensitizer of the present invention absorbing radiation in the range of about 250 to about 350 nanometers, and more particularly at about 270 to 320 nanometers, the photoreactor composition of the present invention will generate one or more reactive species upon exposure to sunlight. Accordingly, this photoreactor composition of the present invention provides a method for the generation of reactive species that does not require the presence of a special light source. This photoreactor composition of the present invention having the arylketoalkene sensitizer enables the production of adhesive and coating compositions that consumers can apply to a desired object and polymerize or cure upon exposure to sunlight. This photoreactor composition also enables numerous industry applications wherein unsaturated polymerizable materials may be polymerized merely upon exposure to sunlight. Therefore, depending upon how the photoreactor composition is designed, the photoreactor composition of the present invention having the arylketoalkene sensitizer can eliminate the cost of purchasing and maintaining light sources in numerous industries wherein such light sources are necessary without the photoreactor composition of the present invention.

The photoreactor compositions of the present invention also differ from the prior art in that the prior art sensitizers absorb a wide bandwidth of radiation. In fact, the prior art photoinitiators are designed to absorb as much radiation as possible over as wide a range as possible thereby increasing the efficiency of the photoinitiators when exposed to ordinary light, whereas the sensitizer of the present invention absorbs a single wavelength of radiation. The use of a photoreactor composition capable of absorbing at a substantially single wavelength of radiation results in an extremely efficient photoreactor upon exposure to a very narrow bandwidth of radiation or upon exposure to a single wavelength of radiation.

As shown in the Examples below, the superiority of the photoreactor compositions of the present invention over known photoinitiators is clear, even when the radiation is not the essentially monochromatic emission. The effective tuning of the photoreactor composition for a specific wavelength band permits the photoreactor composition to more efficiently utilize the target radiation in the emission spectrum of the radiating source corresponding to the "tuned" wavelength band, even though the intensity of such radiation may be much lower than, for example, radiation from a narrow band emitter, such as an excimer lamp. In other words, the effectiveness of the photoreactor composition of the present invention is not necessarily dependent upon the availability or use of a narrow wavelength band radiation source.

Also, as shown in Example 4, the single-photoinitiator photoreactor of the present invention is exceptionally efficient. In Example 4, a mixture of Genomer 1500B with a concentration of only about 0.5% of the single-photoinitiator photoreactor produced in Example 3 was totally cured upon exposure to the excimer lamp. The concentration of photoreactor composition used in Example 4 is substantially lower than the amounts normally used in the prior art. Typical concentrations of conventional photoreactors or photoinitiators in the prior art are between approximately 2% to 20% by weight.

Further, as shown in Example 7, the multi-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention are even more efficient than the single-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention. More particularly, Table 2 summarizes the curing times for a pigmented polymerizable formulation, wherein either a commercial photoinitiator product, the photoreactor composition produced in Example 3 or the photoreactor composition produced in Example 6 is admixed therein. The photoreactor composition produced in Example 6 had the shortest curing time, namely, 0.06 seconds. The photoreactor composition produced in Example 3 had a curing time of 0.10, and the commercial photoinitiator had a cure time that was 50 times greater than the photoreactor composition of Example 6, namely 3.0 seconds.

Accordingly, a major advantage of the photoreactor compositions of the present invention is that they have rapid curing times in comparison to the curing times of the prior art. Another advantage of the of the present invention is that the multi-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention have even faster curing times in comparison to the single-photoinitiator photoreactors of the present invention.

The present invention is further described by the examples which follow. Such examples, however, are not to be construed as limiting in any way either the spirit or the scope of the present invention. In the examples, all parts are by weight, unless stated otherwise.

EXAMPLE 1

This example describes a method of synthesizing the following wavelength-specific sensitizer: ##STR14##

The wavelength-specific sensitizer is produced as summarized below: ##STR15##

To a 250 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stir bar, and a condenser, was added 10.8 g (0.27 mole) sodium hydroxide (Aldrich), 98 g water and 50 g ethanol. The solution was stirred while being cooled to room temperature in an ice bath. To the stirred solution was added 25.8 g (0.21 mole) acetophenone (Aldrich) and then 32.2 g (0.21 mole) 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for approximately 8 hours. The reaction mixture temperature was checked in order to prevent it from exceeding 30° C. Next, dilute HCl was added to bring the mixture to neutral pH as indicated by universal pH indicator paper. The white/yellow precipitate was filtered using a Buchner funnel to yield 40.0 g (75%) after drying on a rotary pump for four hours. The product was used below without further purification.

The resulting reaction product had the following physical parameters:

Mass. Spec. m/e (m⁺) 252, 207, 179, 157, 105, 77, 51.

The ultraviolet radiation spectrum of the product had an extinction coefficient of about 24,000 at about 304 nanometers, and λ_(max) was at 308 nanometers.

EXAMPLE 2

This example describes a method of making the following wavelength-selective sensitizer, namely 4-[4'-carboxy phenyl]-3-buten-2-one: ##STR16##

The wavelength-specific sensitizer was produced as summarized below: ##STR17##

The method of Example 1 was followed except that acetone (Fisher, Optima Grade) was added first, and then the carboxybenzaldehyde was added. More particularly, 32.2 (0.21 mole) of carboxybenzaldehyde was reacted with 12.2 g (0.21 mole) of acetone in the sodium hydroxide/ethanol/water mixture described in Example 1. Dilute HCl was added to bring the reaction mixture to neutral pH, yielding 37.1 g (91%) of a pale yellow powder which was used without further purification in the following examples.

The resulting reaction product, namely 4-[4'-carboxy phenyl]-3-buten-2-one, had the following physical parameters:

Mass. Spec. 190 (m⁺), 175, 120.

EXAMPLE 3

This example describes a method of covalently bonding the compound produced in Example 2 to a photoinitiator, namely DAROCUR® 2959 (1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one or 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone), as is summarized below: ##STR18##

To a 500 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stir bar, and condenser, was placed 20 g (0.08 mole) of the composition prepared in Example 28, 17.8 g (0.08 mole) DAROCUR® 2959 (Ciba-Geigy, N.Y.), 0.5 g ρ-toluenesulfonic acid (Aldrich), and 300 ml anhydrous benzene (Aldrich). The Dean and Stark adapter was put on the flask and the reaction mixture heated at reflux for 8 hours after which point 1.5 ml of water had been collected (theo. 1.43 ml). The reaction mixture was then cooled and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator to yield 35.4 g. The crude product was recrystallized from 30% ethyl acetate in hexane to yield 34.2 g (94%) of a white powder. The resulting reaction product had the following physical parameters:

Mass. Spectrum: 458 (m⁺), 440, 399, 322, 284.

EXAMPLE 4

The following experiment tested the curing ability of the compound produced in Example 3. More particularly, the compound produced in Example 3 was mixed with the difunctional alkyl urethane acrylate adhesive Genomer® 1500B (Mader, Biddle Sawyer Corporation, New York, N.Y.) and exposed to 308 nm excimer lamp on a conveyor belt. Two formulations were studied:

Formulation I

About 0.05 g of the compound produced in Example 3 was mixed with 10 g of Genomer® 1500B. Therefore the concentration of the compound produced in Example 3 in the mixture was about 0.5% These components were mixed by means of a magnetic stirring bar at 80° C. A few drops of the mixture was placed on a heated metal plate (Q-Panel Company, Westlake, Ohio) and drawn down to a thickness of about 0.1 mm by means of a 0 draw-down bar (Industry Tech., Oldsmar, Fl.).

Formulation II

About 0.025 g of DAROCUR® 2959 was mixed with 10 g of GENOMER 1500B. These components were mixed and then drawn out on heated metal plates with a 0 draw-down bar as per Formulation I.

Each plate was then exposed to a 308 nanometer excimer lamp on a conveyor belt for approximately 0.8 seconds. The conveyor belt was set at 50 feet/minute. The plate having Formulation I thereon was totally cured upon exposure to the excimer lamp. In contrast, the plate having Formulation II thereon remained tacky and was not fully cured.

EXAMPLE 5

This example describes the evaluation of the curing behavior of an adhesive containing the photoreactor compositions of Example 3 as reported in Example 4 upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation from an excimer lamp.

An excimer lamp configured substantially as described by Kozelschatz and Eliasson et al., supra, was employed and is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1. With reference to FIG. 1, the excimer lamp 100 consisted of three coaxial quartz cylinders and two coaxial electrodes. The outer coaxial quartz cylinder 102 was fused at the ends thereof to a central coaxial quartz cylinder 104 to form an annular discharge space 106. An excimer-forming gas mixture was enclosed in the annular discharge space 106. An inner coaxial quartz cylinder 108 was placed within the central cylinder 104. The inner coaxial electrode 110 consisted of a wire wound around the inner cylinder 108. The outer coaxial electrode 112 consisted of a wire mesh having a plurality of openings 114. The inner coaxial electrode 110 and outer coaxial electrode 112 were connected to a high voltage generator 116. Electrical discharge was maintained by applying an alternating high voltage to the coaxial electrodes 110 and 112. The operating frequency was 40 kHz, the operating voltage 10 kV. Cooling water was passed through the inner coaxial quartz cylinder 108, thereby maintaining the temperature at the outer surface of the lamp at less than about 120° C. The resulting ultraviolet radiation was emitted through the openings 114 as shown by lines 118. The lamp was used as an assembly of four lamps 100 mounted side-by-side in a parallel arrangement.

A film of adhesive was deemed cured completely, i.e., through the entire thickness of the film, when it passed the scratch test; see, e.g., M. Braithwaite et al., "Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks & Paints," Vol. IV, SITA Technology Ltd., London, 1991, pp. 11-12.

EXAMPLE 6

This example describes a method of covalently bonding two photoinitiators, namely DAROCUR® 2959, to a chalcone sensitizer of the present invention, as is summarized below in a two step reaction: ##STR19## Step A

To a 250 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stir bar is added 5.4 g sodium hydroxide (Aldrich), 5 ml water, and 45 ml ethanol, and the solution is cooled in a water bath. When the reaction mixture is at room temperature, 15.7 g (0.10 mole) carboxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich), and 17.2 g (0.10 mole) acetylbenzoic acid (Aldrich) are added and the solution stirred overnight (12 hours). The reaction mixture is then chilled in an ice bath and the solution neutralized/acidified with dilute HCL until pH indicator paper showed a pH of 3 to 5. The yellow precipitate is filtered and the solid is dried overnight in a vacuum desiccator. The product of this reaction is the di-carboxylic acid substituted chalcone illustrated above. The yield is 28.1 grams (90%).

Step B

In a 500 ml round bottom flask flushed out by argon is placed a magnetic stir bar, 23.6 g (0.08 mole) of the di-carboxylic acid substituted chalcone produced above in step A, 200 ml of dry dichloromethane (Aldrich), 35.6 g (0.16 mole) DAROCUR® 2959 (Ciba-Geigy), and 0.8 g dimethylaminopyridine (Aldrich). The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice bath to 0° C., and then 18.4 g of DCC (Aldrich) is added over 5 minutes and the solution is allowed to warm to room temperature, and is stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered and washed with 0.5 N HCL aqueous followed by saturated NaHCO3 solution. The organic layer is separated, dried (Na₂ SO₄) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a pale yellow solid. The product is the multi-photoinitiator photoreactor illustrated above. The yield is 51.8 g (91%).

The resultant reaction product had the following physical parameters:

    'H NMR [CDCL.sub.3 ] δ1.7 [s], 4.0 [d], 4.2 [d], 7.0 [d], 7.2-8.2 [nu].

Note that the ratio of CH₃ to CH═CH was 12 to 2, thus indicating that there are two DAROCUR® 2959s to one chalcone.

EXAMPLE 7

The following experiment tested the curing ability of the photoreactor composition produced in Example 6 in comparison to the photoreactor composition produced in Example 3 and to a commercially available photoinitiator product. More particularly, the same formulation to be cured is mixed with a commercial initiator product (3.5% IRGACURE 907 with 3.5% ITX coinitiator, by weight), or with the photoreactor composition produced in Example 3, or with the photoreactor composition produced in Example 6. Each mixture is drawn into a 50 micron film and then cured. The formulation is an offset press formulation of a high molecular weight urethane acrylate having a molecular weight of above 100,000. Also, as the formulation is thixotropic, the formulation also contains approximately 5% clay.

More specifically, approximately 2 grams of the formulation for offset presses is placed in an aluminum pan and the corresponding weight of the appropriate photoinitiator then added to give a 6 to 7% concentration by weight of the photoinitiator. Table 2 reports the concentrations of each of the photoreactors in their respective formulation mixtures. The mixture is heated on a hot plate set at a low heat and the mixture stirred for five minutes to ensure mixing. A small amount of the mixture is then placed on a Q-Panel (3 inch by 5 inch) plate and drawn down to a film thickness of 50 microns using an `O` or "3" bar. The plate is then placed under a 308 nm excimer lamp and exposed the light until the mixture is cured, as determined by the scratch and twist test. The excimer lamp has an input power of approximately 2.5 kilowatts, and an output power of approximately 0.1 watt per square centimeter per lamp bulb.

Table 1 summarizes the curing times for the clear coating. As shown below, the photoreactor compositions of the present invention, as produced in Examples 3 and 6, had cure times of only 0.04 seconds, wherein the commercial photoinitiator had a cure time that was 40 times greater, namely, 1.6 seconds.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Cured Offset Press                                                               Coatings* Cure Time                                                            (50 micron film) (Sec)                                                       ______________________________________                                         Clear Coating     1.6                                                            (Commercial Initiator)                                                         Clear Coating 0.04                                                             (Example 3 Photoreactor)                                                       Clear Coating 0.04                                                             (Example 6 Photoreactor)                                                     ______________________________________                                          *Paste formulations which contain a clay agent to introduce thixotropic        properties                                                               

Table 2 summarizes the curing times for a pigmented coating, wherein the formulation described above is further admixed with 15% by weight of a green pigment, namely, Gamma Cure. As shown below, the photoreactor composition produced in Example 6 had the shortest curing time, namely, 0.06 seconds. The photoreactor composition produced in Example 3 had a curing time of 0.10, and the commercial photoinitiator had a cure time that was 50 times greater than the photoreactor composition of Example 6, namely 3.0 seconds.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Cured Offset Press                                                               Coatings* Cure Time Conc. of                                                   (50 micron film) (Seconds) Photoreactor                                      ______________________________________                                         Clear Coating    3.0      7%                                                     (Commercial Initiator)                                                         Clear Coating 0.10 6%                                                          (Example 3 Photoreactor)                                                       Clear Coating 0.06 6%                                                          (Example 6 Photoreactor)                                                     ______________________________________                                          *Paste formulations which contain a clay agent to introduce thixotropic        properties                                                               

EXAMPLE 8

The following experiment tested the curing ability of the photoreactor composition produced in Example 6 in comparison to the photoreactor composition produced in Example 3 and to a commercially available photoinitiator product, wherein the power setting for the excimer lamp is varied. With the exception of varying the power setting of the excimer lamp, all other aspects of the experiment are described in Example 7. Table 3 summarizes the curing times for the clear and pigmented formulations, wherein "full" represents full lamp power, "0.75" represents 75% lamp power, etc.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                                       Excimer Lamp Power Setting                                       Sample        Full   0.75       0.50 0.25                                      ______________________________________                                         Commercial                                                                       Initiator 7%                                                                   Clear 1.6 2.0 2.5 4.0                                                          Pigmented 3.0 5.0 7.5 15.0                                                     Example 3                                                                      Photoreactor 6%                                                                Clear 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.26                                                      Pigmented 0.10 0.14 0.22 0.34                                                  Example 6                                                                      Photoreactor 6%                                                                Clear 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.16                                                      Pigmented 0.04 0.08 0.18 0.20                                                ______________________________________                                    

While the specification has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A photoreactor comprising a wavelength-specific sensitizer moiety covalently bonded to two reactive species-generating photoinitiator moieties, said photoreactor being represented by the following formula:

    (PM)(L).sub.x (SM)(L).sub.y (PM)

wherein SM represents the wavelength-specific sensitizer moiety, PM represents the photoinitiator moiety; L is a spacer group; x and y are independently 0 or 1; wherein the photoreactor has a molar extinction coefficient greater than 5,000 liters per mole per cm at an absorption maximum.
 2. The photoreactor of claim 1, wherein the photoreactor has a molar extinction coefficient greater than 10,000 liters per mole per cm at an absorption maximum.
 3. The photoreactor of claim 2, wherein the photoreactor has a molar extinction coefficient greater than 20,000 liters per mole per cm at an absorption maximum.
 4. The photoreactor of claim 3, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula: ##STR20##
 5. The photoreactor compound of claim 4, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula:
 6. The photoreactor compound of claim 5, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula:
 7. The photoreactor of claim 3, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula:
 8. The photoreactor of claim 7, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula:
 9. The photoreactor of claim 7, wherein the photoreactor is represented by one of the following formulae: wherein R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or a substituted aryl group; R₂ is a substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or an aryl group; and R₄ is a substituted aryl group.
 10. The photoreactor compound of claim 9, wherein the substituted aryl groups are substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid group, an aldehyde group, an amino group, a haloalkyl group, a hydroxyl group, and a thioalkyl group.
 11. The photoreactor of claim 10, wherein L comprises a divalent spacer group resulting from a reaction between a primary hydroxyl group of the photoinitiator moiety and the substituents on the aryl groups of the sensitizer moiety.
 12. A photoreactor comprising a wavelength-specific sensitizer moiety covalently bonded to two or more reactive species-generating photoinitiator moieties, wherein the photoreactor compound is represented by the following formula: ##STR21## wherein PM is the photoinitiator moiety; L is a spacer group; m, n and p are independently 0 or 1; x, y and z are independently 0 or 1; R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl group; R₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or aryl group; and R₄ is an aryl or substituted aryl group; wherein 2<x+y+z≦3; wherein when x is 0, m is 0; when y is 0, n is 0; and when z is 0, p is
 0. 13. The photoreactor of claim 12, wherein (x+y=2) or (x+z=2).
 14. A photoreactor comprising a wavelength-specific sensitizer moiety covalently bonded to one or more reactive species-generating photoinitiator moieties, wherein the photoreactor is represented by the following formula: ##STR22## wherein PM is the photoinitiator moiety; L is a spacer group; m and n are independently 0 or 1; x and y are independently 0 or 1; wherein 0<x+y≦2; when x is 0, m is 0; and when y is 0, n is
 0. 15. The photoreactor of claim 14, wherein x=0 and y=1.
 16. The photoreactor of claim 14, wherein x=1 and y=1. 